Some of the questions addressed in the course include the following:\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n These are all fundamental questions in volcanology and belong to the subfield of volcanology named volcanotectonics.<\/strong> This subfield combines the analysis and use of geological, geophysical, and geochemical data, derived from direct field studies or remotely, with theoretical modelling, derived primarily from the principles of classical physics and its modern developments within the various fields of mechanics.<\/p>\n A magma-filled fracture<\/strong> that propagates from its source to the Earth\u2019s surface initiates a volcanic eruption. \u00a0The source of the magma-filled fracture is normally either a shallow magma chamber or a deep-seated reservoir. The magma-filled fracture is either a subvertical dike<\/strong> or an inclined sheet<\/strong> (cone sheet).<\/p>\n One focus of the course<\/strong> is on understanding the conditions that result in magma-chamber\/reservoir rupture, dike\/sheet injection and propagation, and, eventually, eruption.\u00a0 Most volcanic unrest periods<\/strong> \u2013 periods with increase in various geological, geophysics, and geochemical signals from a volcano \u2013 do not result in magma-chamber rupture.\u00a0 And of those unrest periods that lead to magma-chamber rupture and dike\/sheet injection, most do not result in eruptions.\u00a0 This is because most dike\/sheet segments injected from a chamber become arrested <\/strong>\u2013 stop their propagation towards the surface \u2013 at a certain depth in the crust and therefore never supply magma to an eruption. Explaining the physical conditions that must be satisfied for an injected dike\/sheet to reach the surface or, alternatively, become arrested constitutes the foundation of reliable eruption forecasting<\/strong> and, therefore, volcanic hazard <\/strong>assessments.<\/p>\n For a magma chamber to rupture, it must first exist.\u00a0 Part of the course will be on the conditions for the formation of magma chambers<\/strong>. These are basically of two types, shallow chambers and deep-seated reservoirs.\u00a0 The shallow chambers<\/strong> are normally with roofs at 6 km or less below the surface, whereas the deep-seated reservoirs<\/strong> are located in the mid-crust or at or close to the crust-mantle boundary. \u00a0In the course we show many examples of extinct shallow magma chambers, particularly from Chile and Iceland, and discuss their shapes and sizes in relation to geodetic and seismological data on active shallow magma chambers.<\/p>\n Shallow magma chambers are a necessary condition for the formation of polygenetic (central) volcanoes.<\/strong> In the course we explain that shallow chambers acts as sinks and sources for magma. They act as sinks <\/strong>in the sense that they draw in magma from one or more (normally much larger) deep-seated reservoirs. And the chambers act as sources<\/strong> for dikes, inclined sheets, and, of course, eruptions of the associated volcanoes. The fact that the shallow chamber channels magma to a limited area on the surface is the main reason why polygenetic volcanoes form, rise high<\/strong> above their surroundings, and obtain their common geometries.<\/p>\n During their lifetime, many polygenetic volcanoes collapse once or several times. There are lateral collapses (landslides) and vertical collapses (caldera collapses). In the course the focus is on the latter. Many caldera collapses<\/strong> give rise to eruptions, but some do not. We provide field data and theoretical models to explain the formation of collapse calderas, with examples from volcanoes around the world. Caldera collapses occur much more rarely<\/strong> than dike\/sheet injections in a given volcano, so that very special mechanical conditions must be satisfied for a collapse to occur. In the course these conditions are explained and discussed.<\/p>\n While some caldera collapses do not result in eruptions, others give rise to eruptions of various sizes, including some of the largest ones that occur on Earth. In the course field data and theoretical models are provided to explain the mechanics of large eruptions<\/strong> \u2013 including those that pose catastrophic risk, even existential risk, to humankind.<\/p>\n The main objectives of the course are to:<\/p>\n Limited places.<\/strong><\/p>\n The textbook for the course is \u2018Volcanotectonics: Understanding the Structure, Deformation and Dynamics of Volcanoes<\/em><\/strong> \u2018(Cambridge University Press, 2020), that is available in a print and an electronic form from Amazon<\/a> as well as from Cambridge University Press<\/a>. It is strongly recommended that the participants have access to this textbook while taking the course.<\/p>\n In the course we will go through many of the worked examples in the textbook, as well as look at some of the numerous additional exercises. The aim of these is to provide the audience with quantitative skills to analyse and solve problems in volcanology, particularly within the main topics listed above.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Introduction Some of the questions addressed in the course include the following:\u00a0 How do polygenetic volcanoes form and develop their shapes? What are the common depths and sizes of magma chambers? How do magma chambers form and function and what portion of the magma leaves the chamber in a typical eruption? What are the conditions […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":54470,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0"},"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[497,1060],"product_tag":[],"class_list":["post-54469","product","type-product","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","product_cat-geology","product_cat-featured-en","entry","has-media","first","outofstock","sold-individually","shipping-taxable","purchasable","product-type-variable","has-rating","has-product-nav","col","span_1_of_3","owp-content-center","owp-thumbs-layout-horizontal","owp-btn-normal","owp-tabs-layout-horizontal","has-no-thumbnails"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\n
Objectives<\/h3>\n
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